-
1 HIC display
-
2 HIC
1) Компьютерная техника: Host Interface Computer2) Биология: hydrophobic interaction chromatography3) Авиация: Head Injury Criterion4) Американизм: Health Insurance Commission5) Военный термин: Hydrographic Information Committee, high-intensity conflict6) Техника: hand indicator controller, high conversion-critical, high-integrity container, humidity indicator controller, hydrophobia interaction chromatography7) Сельское хозяйство: hydrogen ion concentration8) Химия: Household And Industrial Chemical9) Религия: Harmony In Christ10) Автомобильный термин: hot-idle compensator (Ford), Head Injury Criteria (коэффициент вероятности повреждения головы / критерий тяжести повреждений головы [при аварии])11) Сокращение: High Intensity Conflict, High-Information Content (display), Центр информации по гуманитарным вопросам (Humanitarian Information Centre)12) Физиология: Head Injury Criteria13) Электроника: Hybrid Integrated Circuits14) Вычислительная техника: Human Interaction Component, hybrid integrated circuit15) Фирменный знак: Handbell Industry Council16) Деловая лексика: Home Improvement Contractor17) Контроль качества: hydrogen induced cracking18) Макаров: hybrid IC, hybrid integrated circuit19) Собаководство: Herding Instinct Certified20) ООН: Habitat International Coalition21) Чат: Hickup22) NYSE. Highlands Insurance Group, Inc. -
3 hic
1) Компьютерная техника: Host Interface Computer2) Биология: hydrophobic interaction chromatography3) Авиация: Head Injury Criterion4) Американизм: Health Insurance Commission5) Военный термин: Hydrographic Information Committee, high-intensity conflict6) Техника: hand indicator controller, high conversion-critical, high-integrity container, humidity indicator controller, hydrophobia interaction chromatography7) Сельское хозяйство: hydrogen ion concentration8) Химия: Household And Industrial Chemical9) Религия: Harmony In Christ10) Автомобильный термин: hot-idle compensator (Ford), Head Injury Criteria (коэффициент вероятности повреждения головы / критерий тяжести повреждений головы [при аварии])11) Сокращение: High Intensity Conflict, High-Information Content (display), Центр информации по гуманитарным вопросам (Humanitarian Information Centre)12) Физиология: Head Injury Criteria13) Электроника: Hybrid Integrated Circuits14) Вычислительная техника: Human Interaction Component, hybrid integrated circuit15) Фирменный знак: Handbell Industry Council16) Деловая лексика: Home Improvement Contractor17) Контроль качества: hydrogen induced cracking18) Макаров: hybrid IC, hybrid integrated circuit19) Собаководство: Herding Instinct Certified20) ООН: Habitat International Coalition21) Чат: Hickup22) NYSE. Highlands Insurance Group, Inc. -
4 system
1) система || системный3) вчт операционная система; программа-супервизор5) вчт большая программа6) метод; способ; алгоритм•system halted — "система остановлена" ( экранное сообщение об остановке компьютера при наличии серьёзной ошибки)
- CPsystem- H-system- h-system- hydrogen-air/lead battery hybrid system- Ksystem- Lsystem- L*a*b* system- master/slave computer system- p-system- y-system- Δ-system -
5 advertising
сущ.1) рекл. реклама (совокупность каких-л. рекламных объявлений; обычно употребляется с указанием места, где размещается данная реклама)Over 60 percent of alcohol advertising [on television\] is shown during sports programming
Asian governments have attempted to limit excessive consumptions by instituting strict control over the content and amount of advertising in the media.
Advertising [on buses\] is one of the important advertising means to which companies and establishments attach great importance because this type of advertisement is a mobile one seen by all.
two-thirds of the food and drink advertising for children under 12 — две трети всей рекламы продуктов питания для детей младше 12-ти лет
Last month, 10 companies that produce almost two-thirds of the food and drink advertising [for children\] under 12 agreed to start cutting back on advertising junk foods.
No person shall within the city distribute [printed\] advertising by placing it within or upon parked automobiles.
2) рекл. реклама, рекламирование (процесс осуществления рекламы; как правило, употребляется с указанием рекламируемого продукта)Alcohol advertising is the promotion of alcoholic beverages by alcohol producers through a variety of media.
the control of medicines advertising in the UK — контроль за рекламой лекарств в Соединенном Королевстве
ATTRIBUTES: accessory 2. 1), advance 3. 2), aerial 3. 1), agricultural, air 2. 1),
alternative 2. 3), ambient 1. 1), audiovisual, auxiliary 2. 1), block 1. 4) а), boastful, broadcast 2. 1), n1, classified 1. 1), commercial 1. 4) а), comparative, competing 1. 1) а), competitive 1. 2) а), concept 1. 2) а), consumer 1. 1) а), continuity 1. 1) а), controversial 1. 1) а), cooperative 2. 1), n2, coordinated, corporate 1. 2) а), б, corrective 1. 1), creative, deceptive, demographic, denigratory, dissipative, domestic 1. 2) а),
foreign 1) б), global, professional 1. 3) б), regional, repeat 3. 3) б), strategic, superior 3. 1) б), test 3. 3) б), traditional
Syn:See:accessory advertising, advance advertising, advocacy advertising, aerial advertising, agricultural advertising, air advertising, aisle advertising, alternative advertising, ambient advertising, analogy advertising, association advertising, audiovisual advertising, auxiliary advertising, bait advertising, bait and switch advertising, bait-and-switch advertising, bank advertising, banner advertising, bargain advertising, bargain-basement advertising, block advertising, boastful advertising, brand advertising, brand image advertising, brand name advertising, breakthrough advertising, broadcast advertising, burst advertising, business advertising, business paper advertising, business publication advertising, business-to-business advertising, car-card advertising, cause advertising, challenged advertising, charity advertising, children's advertising, cinema advertising, classified advertising, combative advertising, commercial advertising, comparative advertising, comparison advertising, competing advertising, competitive advertising, concept advertising, consumer advertising, continuity advertising, controversial advertising, co-op advertising, cooperative advertising, coordinated advertising, corporate advertising, corporate image advertising, corrective advertising, counter advertising, counteradvertising, coupon advertising, creative advertising, deceptive advertising, demographic advertising, demonstration advertising, denigratory advertising, direct advertising, direct response advertising, direct-action advertising, direct mail advertising, direct-mail advertising, directory advertising, display advertising, dissipative advertising, domestic advertising, door-to-door advertising, educational advertising, electric advertising, electrical advertising, e-mail based advertising, entertaining advertising, ethical advertising, export advertising, eye-catching advertising, factual advertising, false advertising, farm advertising, fashion advertising, film advertising, financial advertising, flexform advertising, follow-up advertising, foreign advertising, fraudulent advertising, full-page advertising, gender advertising, general advertising, generic advertising, global advertising, goodwill advertising, group advertising, hard-sell advertising, hard-selling advertising, heavy advertising, help wanted advertising, high-pressure advertising, house advertising, house-to-house advertising, idea advertising, illuminated advertising, image advertising, impact advertising, indirect action advertising, indirect-action advertising, individual advertising, indoor advertising, industrial advertising, information advertising, informational advertising, informative advertising, in-house advertising, initial advertising, innovative advertising, institutional advertising, in-store advertising, insurance advertising, international advertising, interstate advertising, introductory advertising, intrusive advertising, issue advertising, joint advertising, large-scale advertising, launch advertising, legal advertising, local advertising, mail advertising, mail-order advertising, mass advertising, mass-media advertising, media advertising, military advertising, misleading advertising, mobile advertising, mood advertising, movie theatre advertising, multimedia advertising, multinational advertising, national advertising, non-business advertising, non-commercial advertising, novelty advertising, obtrusive advertising, offbeat advertising, off-season advertising, on-line advertising, on-target advertising, opinion advertising, oral advertising, outdoor advertising, out-of-home advertising, package advertising, periodical advertising, personality advertising, persuasive advertising, point-of-purchase advertising, point-of-sale advertising, political advertising, postal advertising, postcard advertising, poster advertising, postmark advertising, pre-launch advertising, premium advertising, press advertising, prestige advertising, price advertising, primary advertising, print advertising, private sector advertising, problem-solution advertising, procurement advertising, producer advertising, product advertising, product-comparison advertising, professional advertising, promotional advertising, public relations advertising, public sector advertising, public service advertising, public-affairs advertising, public interest advertising, public-issue advertising, public-service advertising, radio advertising, railway advertising, reason-why advertising, recruitment advertising, regional advertising, reinforcement advertising, remembrance advertising, reminder advertising, repeat advertising, retail advertising, retentive advertising, saturation advertising, scented advertising, screen advertising, seasonal advertising, selective advertising, self-advertising, semi-display advertising, show-window advertising, sky advertising, slide advertising, social advertising, social cause advertising, soft-sell advertising, specialty advertising, split-run advertising, spot advertising, store advertising, strategic advertising, street advertising, strip advertising, subliminal advertising, sustaining advertising, switch advertising, tactical advertising, target advertising, taxi top advertising, teaser advertising, television advertising, test advertising, testimonial advertising, tie-in advertising, tombstone advertising, total advertising, trade advertising, trademark advertising, traditional advertising, transformational advertising, transit advertising, transportation advertising, truthful advertising, truth-in-advertising, two-step formal advertising, unacceptable advertising, unfair advertising, untruthful advertising, visual advertising, vocational advertising, wall advertising, word-of-mouth advertising, written advertising, yellow pages advertising, advertising abuse, advertising action, advertising aids, advertising analysis а), advertising appeal, advertising approach, advertising audience, advertising awareness, advertising balance, advertising band, advertising believability, advertising break, advertising brochure, advertising catalogue, advertising circular, advertising claim 1) а), advertising clutter, advertising column, advertising communication, advertising competition 2) а), advertising copy, advertising coupon, advertising credibility, advertising cue, advertising decay, advertising deception, advertising device, advertising emphasis, advertising exaggeration, advertising exposure 2) а), advertising factor а), advertising film, advertising folder, advertising frequency, advertising gift, advertising gimmick, advertising handbill, advertising hoarding, advertising image, advertising impact, advertising impression, advertising influence, advertising insert, advertising intensity, advertising jingle, advertising label, advertising leaflet, advertising letter, advertising literature 1) а), advertising location, advertising magazine, advertising material, advertising matter, advertising media, advertising medium, advertising novelty, advertising operation 2) а), advertising page, advertising pamphlet, advertising panel, advertising penetration, advertising perception, advertising personality, advertising playback, advertising point, advertising posttest, advertising pretest, advertising puffery, advertising pylon, advertising race, advertising readership, advertising recall, advertising response, advertising retention, advertising sample, advertising section 2) а), advertising site, advertising slogan, advertising space, advertising specialty, advertising sponsorship, advertising spoof, advertising spot, advertising standards, advertising structure, advertising supplement, advertising test, advertising testing, advertising text, advertising threshold, advertising time, advertising vehicle, advertising wearout, advertising wedge, Canadian Code of Advertising Standards, Code of Advertising Practice, Defining Advertising goals for Measured Advertising Results, Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, ICC Guidelines / Code on Advertising and Marketing on the Internet, ICC International Code of Advertising Practice, ICC International Code of Environmental Advertising, ICC International Codes of Marketing and Advertising Practices, Standard Advertising Register, Standard Directory of Advertising Agencies, Standards of Practice of the American Association of Advertising Agencies, Advertising Association, Advertising Association of the West, Advertising Checking Bureau, Advertising Club of New York, Advertising Council, Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc. 2), Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc.3) рекл. рекламное дело, рекламная деятельность, рекламный бизнес (реклама как вид деятельности безотносительно каких-л. конкретных продуктов; реклама как одна из функций организации)advertising counsellor [consultant\] — рекламный консультант, консультант по рекламе
advertising expert — рекламный эксперт, эксперт по рекламе
Syn:See:above-the-line advertising, below-the-line advertising, flat fee advertising, investment advertising, per inquiry advertising, advertising account, advertising activity, advertising agency, advertising agent, advertising agreement, advertising allowance, advertising analysis б), advertising appropriation, advertising assistant, advertising audit, advertising brief, advertising broker, advertising budget, advertising business, advertising campaign, advertising canvasser, advertising claim 2) б), advertising club, advertising code, advertising community, advertising company, advertising competition 1) б), advertising contract, advertising contractor, advertising control, advertising cooperative, advertising copywriting, advertising cost, advertising coverage, advertising customer, advertising department, advertising director, advertising directory, advertising drive, advertising effect, advertising effectiveness, advertising efficiency, advertising environment, advertising ethics, advertising exchange, advertising executive, advertising expenditures, advertising expenses, advertising exposure 1) б), &3, advertising factor б), advertising firm, advertising guide, advertising industry, advertising injury, advertising landscape, advertising legislation, advertising leverage, advertising liability, advertising linage, advertising literature 2) б), advertising man, advertising management, advertising manager, advertising method, advertising mix, advertising monopoly, advertising network, advertising objective, advertising office, advertising operation 1) б), advertising order, advertising outcome, advertising outlay, advertising output, advertising people, advertising performance, advertising personnel, advertising plan, advertising planner, advertising planning, advertising portfolio, advertising practice, advertising practitioner, advertising professional, advertising programme, advertising purpose, advertising rate, advertising register, advertising representative, advertising research, advertising restrictions, advertising sales agents, advertising schedule, advertising section 1) б), advertising self-regulation, advertising services, advertising specialist, advertising spending, advertising statistics, advertising strategy, advertising substantiation, advertising support, advertising talent, advertising theory, advertising value, advertising variable, advertising weight, media buy, copywriting, advertology
* * *
реклама, рекламирование: использование печатных, теле-, радио- и иных посланий, оплаченных рекламодателем, для благоприятного воздействия на потенциальных покупателей товара или клиентов.* * *размещение объявлений; размещение рекламы; рекламирование. . Словарь экономических терминов .* * *эмоционально окрашенная информация об основных характеристиках отдельных видов страхования и страховых операций с целью формирования устойчивого спроса на страховые услуги-----средство распространения информации и убеждения людей через прессу, телевидение, радиовещание, объявления, плакаты и другим образом -
6 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
-
7 processor
1) вчт процессорг) обработчик программ на языке программирования; компилятор, транслятор; интерпретаторд) (любое) устройство обработки данных (напр. арифмометр)е) (любая) программа для управления процессами передачи, обмена и обработки данных2) исполнитель или участник (определённого) процесса4) производящий обработку субъект; орудие или средство обработки•- acoustic processor
- airborne processor
- algorithm processor
- AMD processor
- analog processor
- analog signal processor
- ancillary control processor
- application processor
- arithmetical processor
- ARM processor
- array processor
- associative processor
- attached processor
- auxiliary processor
- back-end processor
- baseband processor
- binary-image processor
- bit-slice processor - cellular logic image processor
- central processor
- CFAR processor
- channel processor
- chirp-transform processor
- CISC processor
- clone processor
- co-processor
- coherent optical processor
- command processor
- communicating word processors
- communications processor
- complex instruction set computing processor
- computer processor
- constant false-alarm-rate processor
- content-addressable processor
- control processor
- cryogenic associative processor
- data processor
- database processor
- data communications processor
- data-flow processor
- data parallel processor
- data transfer processor
- DEC-Alpha processor
- decentralized redundant processor
- decision processor
- dedicated processor
- dedicated word processor
- diagnostic processor
- digital processor
- digital image processor
- digital signal processor
- digital video processor
- display processor
- distributed processor
- Doppler processor
- down-line processor
- dual processor
- dual-issue processor
- dwell-time processor
- dyadic processor
- EIO processor
- embedded processor
- error input/output processor
- farmer processor
- fast digital processor
- fast-Fourier-transform processor
- film processor
- fixed-point processor
- flexible processor
- floating-point processor
- Fourier processor
- Fourier transform processor - gateway processor
- generalized linear processor
- general-purpose processor - hardwired processor
- heterodyne processor - homomorphic processor
- horizontal processor
- host processor
- IBM processor
- idea processor
- image processor
- incoherent optical processor
- industrial universal digital processor
- information processor
- input/output processor
- instruction processor
- instruction-set processor
- integral multiprotocol processor
- integrated graphics processor
- Intel processor
- interactive processor
- interface processor
- interface message processor
- internetwork processor
- interruption queue processor
- keyboard processor
- knowledge information processor
- language processor
- later processor
- L-cell processor
- linguistic processor
- link input processor
- list processor
- low-power processor
- LSI processor - mailing list processor
- main processor
- maintenance processor
- massively parallel processor
- master processor
- mathematical processor
- matrix processor
- maximum-entropy processor
- media and communication processor
- message processor
- microcoded processor
- microprogrammable processor
- microprogrammed processor
- modular acoustic processor
- MOS processor
- motherboard processor
- Motorola processor
- multichip processor
- multi-issue processor
- multiprotocol communications processor
- N-bit processor
- network processor
- node processor
- office processor
- off-line processor
- on-line processor
- operator external interrupt processor
- optical signal processor
- outline processor - Pentium processor
- peripheral processor
- photomask processor
- picture processor
- pipelined processor
- pixel processor
- post-processor
- PowerPC processor
- pre-processor
- problem-oriented processor
- queue processor
- raster processor
- raster image processor
- reduced instruction set computing processor
- request queue processor
- RISC processor
- scalar processor
- scan-time processor
- scientific processor
- second processor
- semantic processor
- sequential processor
- service processor
- single-chip processor
- single-issue processor
- slave processor
- SNA processor
- space-time processor
- stack-based processor
- stand-alone processor
- superpipelined processor
- superscalar processor
- symbolic processor
- symmetrical multiple processor
- synthesis processor
- system platform processor
- systolic processor
- target processor
- terminal processor
- terminal interface processor
- text processor
- transaction processor
- up-line processor
- user core allocation queue processor
- vector processor
- vertical processor
- very long instruction word processor
- video processor
- video-to-digital processor
- virtual processor
- visual image processor
- VLIW processor
- voice processor
- waveform matrix processor
- wavefront processor
- word processor
- word-oriented processor
- worker processor -
8 processor
1) вчт. процессорг) обработчик программ на языке программирования; компилятор, транслятор; интерпретаторд) (любое) устройство обработки данных (напр. арифмометр)е) (любая) программа для управления процессами передачи, обмена и обработки данных4) производящий обработку субъект; орудие или средство обработки•- acoustic processor
- airborne processor
- algorithm processor
- AMD processor
- analog processor
- analog signal processor
- ancillary control processor
- application processor
- arithmetical processor
- ARM processor
- array processor
- associative processor
- attached processor
- auxiliary processor
- back-end processor
- baseband processor
- binary-image processor
- bit-slice processor
- bootstrap processor
- Celeron processor
- cellular logic image processor
- central processor
- CFAR processor
- channel processor
- chirp-transform processor
- CISC processor
- clone processor
- coherent optical processor
- command processor
- communicating word processors
- communications processor
- complex instruction set computing processor
- computer processor
- constant false-alarm-rate processor
- content-addressable processor
- control processor
- co-processor
- cryogenic associative processor
- data communications processor
- data parallel processor
- data processor
- data transfer processor
- database processor
- data-flow processor
- DEC Alpha processor
- decentralized redundant processor
- decision processor
- dedicated processor
- dedicated word processor
- diagnostic processor
- digital image processor
- digital processor
- digital signal processor
- digital video processor
- display processor
- distributed processor
- Doppler processor
- down-line processor
- dual processor
- dual-issue processor
- dwell-time processor
- dyadic processor
- EIO processor
- embedded processor
- error input/output processor
- farmer processor
- fast digital processor
- fast-Fourier-transform processor
- film processor
- fixed-point processor
- flexible processor
- floating-point processor
- Fourier processor
- Fourier transform processor
- frequency-domain array processor
- front-end processor
- games processor
- gateway processor
- generalized linear processor
- general-purpose processor
- Golay logic processor
- Golay transform processor
- graphic processor
- hardwired processor
- heterodyne processor
- heterogeneous element processor
- high definition video processor
- higher processor
- homomorphic processor
- horizontal processor
- host processor
- IBM processor
- idea processor
- image processor
- incoherent optical processor
- industrial universal digital processor
- information processor
- input/output processor
- instruction processor
- instruction-set processor
- integral multiprotocol processor
- integrated graphics processor
- Intel processor
- interactive processor
- interface message processor
- interface processor
- internetwork processor
- interruption queue processor
- keyboard processor
- knowledge information processor
- language processor
- later processor
- L-cell processor
- linguistic processor
- link input processor
- list processor
- low-power processor
- LSI processor
- machine-instruction processor
- macro processor
- mailing list processor
- main processor
- maintenance processor
- massively parallel processor
- master processor
- mathematical processor
- matrix processor
- maximum-entropy processor
- media and communication processor
- message processor
- microcoded processor
- microprogrammable processor
- microprogrammed processor
- modular acoustic processor
- MOS processor
- motherboard processor
- Motorola processor
- multichip processor
- multi-issue processor
- multiprotocol communications processor
- N-bit processor
- network processor
- node processor
- office processor
- off-line processor
- on-line processor
- operator external interrupt processor
- optical signal processor
- outline processor
- OverDrive processor
- parallel processor
- Pentium processor
- peripheral processor
- photomask processor
- picture processor
- pipelined processor
- pixel processor
- post-processor
- PowerPC processor
- pre-processor
- problem-oriented processor
- queue processor
- raster image processor
- raster processor
- reduced instruction set computing processor
- request queue processor
- RISC processor
- scalar processor
- scan-time processor
- scientific processor
- second processor
- semantic processor
- sequential processor
- service processor
- single-chip processor
- single-issue processor
- slave processor
- SNA processor
- space-time processor
- stack-based processor
- stand-alone processor
- superpipelined processor
- superscalar processor
- symbolic processor
- symmetrical multiple processor
- synthesis processor
- system platform processor
- systolic processor
- target processor
- terminal interface processor
- terminal processor
- text processor
- transaction processor
- up-line processor
- user core allocation queue processor
- vector processor
- vertical processor
- very long instruction word processor
- video processor
- video-to-digital processor
- virtual processor
- visual image processor
- VLIW processor
- voice processor
- waveform matrix processor
- wavefront processor
- word processor
- word-oriented processor
- worker processorThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > processor
См. также в других словарях:
High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection — (HDCP) is a form of digital copy protection developed by Intel Corporation to prevent copying of digital audio and video content as it travels across DisplayPort, Digital Visual Interface (DVI), High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI),… … Wikipedia
High-definition television — Logo High definition television (HDTV) is video that has resolution substantially higher than that of traditional television systems (standard definition television). HDTV has one or two million pixels per frame, roughly five times that of SD… … Wikipedia
Display contrast — Contrast in visual perception is the difference in appearance of two or more parts of a field seen simultaneously or successively (hence: brightness contrast, lightness contrast, color contrast, simultaneous contrast, successive contrast, etc.).… … Wikipedia
High Definition Television — [haɪ ˌdɛfɪˈnɪʃən ˈtɛlɪvɪʒən] (HDTV, engl. für hochauflösendes Fernsehen) ist ein Sammelbegriff, der eine Reihe von Fernsehnormen bezeichnet, die sich gegenüber dem Standard Definition Television (SDTV) durch eine erhöhte vertikale, horizontale… … Deutsch Wikipedia
High-definition video — High definition (HD) video generally refers to any video system of higher resolution than standard definition (SD) video, most commonly at display resolutions of 1280×720 (720p) or 1920×1080 (1080i or 1080p). This article discusses the general… … Wikipedia
Information graphics — or infographics are visual representations of information, data or knowledge. These graphics are used where complex information needs to be explained quickly and clearly Doug Newsom and Jim Haynes (2004). Public Relations Writing: Form and Style … Wikipedia
Information mapping — is a technique of dividing and labeling information for easy comprehension, use, and recall. It was originally developed by Robert E. Horn.[1] Contents 1 Overview 2 References 3 Bibliography … Wikipedia
information processing — Acquisition, recording, organization, retrieval, display, and dissemination of information. Today the term usually refers to computer based operations. Information processing consists of locating and capturing information, using software to… … Universalium
High-Definition Multimedia Interface — Infobox connector name=High Definition Multimedia Interface type=Digital audio/video connector logo= caption=HDMI cable and HDMI official logo designer=HDMI Founders design date=December 2002 manufacturer=HDMI Adopters production date=2003… … Wikipedia
Content farm — In the context of the World Wide Web, the term content farm is used to describe a company that employs large numbers of often freelance writers to generate large amounts of textual content which is specifically designed to satisfy algorithms for… … Wikipedia
High-speed rail in China — This article is about high speed rail in the People s Republic of China. For high speed rail in the Republic of China (Taiwan), see Taiwan High Speed Rail. High speed rail (HSR) trains in China A China Railways CRH1 train in Guangzhou. CRH1 is… … Wikipedia
